amaaåv

ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ / 2·4

ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⴼⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴻⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ.

8 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026 · ⵀⴻⵍⵙⵉⵏⴽⵉ · 2 ⴳ 4 · amaaåv

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵣⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⴼⴼⴻⵖⴷ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴻⵀⵀⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵣⵜ, ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵍⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⵜⴹⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴼⴽⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵕⵥⴻⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴻⵀⵍⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⵃⴻⵜ «ⴰⵎⴻⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵙⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ» ⵢⵓⵙⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵅⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. Hobby Crisis ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⴱ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ; ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ.

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⴻⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ: ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵅ; ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴻⴳⵜⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⴽⵓⴷ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ; ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⴻⵏ, ⵜⴻⵊⵊ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵢ, ⵜⴻⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ. ⴰⴳⵉ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴻⵇⵇⴻⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵇⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖⴰ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ Inferentia & Probabilisticum ⴰⵙⴻⵔⵔⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⴽⵍⵓⴱ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷⵜ. ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ: ⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵙⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴻⴽ, ⵙⴱⴷⴻⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ, ⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ, ⵙⴽⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰ, ⵇⴱⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ, ⵙⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵖⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵙ ⵜⴻⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⴱⴻⵍ. ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵇⵇⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ. Post-Simulacrum Self-Service Without Contact ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴻⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ; ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ

ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓⴱⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴻⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵄⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ, ⵓⵏⴰⴼ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ, ⵜⴻⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. Ivan Illich ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵥⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⵇⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵔⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ (Illich, 1973).

ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⴷ Hobby Crisis: ⴰⵙⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ, ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵅⵅⴻⵔ. ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵜ. ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ; ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ.

ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⴼⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ; ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ, ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⴻⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴻⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴻⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵡ. ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔⵟⴼⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵄⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵏⵉⵊⵉⵊⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⴻⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⵊⵊⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ. ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴹⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴳⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴷⴰⵍ, ⴰⵃⵉⵙⵙⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴻⵣⴼⵜ, ⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴼⴻⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ. ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ.

ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵟⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏⴻⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ; ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ. ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ. ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⴻⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵍⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ (Directive (EU) 2018/1972), ⴷ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵙⵓⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ. ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵍⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵡ ⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵥⴷⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ.

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 01

ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉ «ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ»

ⴰⴱⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⴻⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⴱⴻⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ; ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⵍⴻⵏ; ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⵏⴽⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⴰⴱⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ.

ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⴰⵎⴳⴻⵔⵔ ⵏ 138 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴻⵥⵥⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ (Altmaier et al. 2024). ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ Danmark ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ: ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵔⴰⴹ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵇⵇⴰⵔⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ (Carreras 2024). ⴰⵙⵏⴻⵇⵇⴻⵙ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ.

ⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵃⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵕⴽⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴻⴹ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⴷⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ.

ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴻⴳⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵔⴻⵊ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴼⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⵖⴻⵡⵡⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵥⵕⴰ. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴻⴼⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ; ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⵉⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ; ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴷⴻⵍ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵉⵇⴻⵔⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. ⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⴱⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴷⴷⵔⴻⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵓⵃ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴻⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⵖⴻⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴷ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⴻⴳⵣⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵇ ⵉⵇⴱⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⴻⵎ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍⴻⵏ: ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⴻⵔⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⴽⴻⵜⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰ, ⴰⵃⵛⴰⵛ, ⴰⵃⵔⴰⵚ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ. ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ AI ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ.

ⴰⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴻⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵉⵥⴰ. ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⴰⵎⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵇⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⴻⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ.

ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷ, ⵙⵙⵏⴻⵖ ⴰⵏⴻⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵉⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴻⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵎⴻⵖ, ⴰⴷ ⵃⵟⴻⵖ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⴻⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴻⵏⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵎⵉⵔⴻⵖ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍⴻⵖ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ. ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ, ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵉⵙ.

ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵀⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ, ⵜⵓⵛⵛⴹⴰ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵖⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵔⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ: ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵖⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵏⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵖⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⴹⴻⵏ. ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ; ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ. ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴻⵏⴽⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ.

ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⵉⵔⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔ. ⴰⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ Wisconsin ⴳ 2016 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ COMPAS ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴻⴱⵙ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵏⴻⵣⵔⴰⴼ (State v. Loomis, 2016); ⴰⵙⴻⴹⵕ ⵏ Den Haag ⴳ 2020 ⵉⵙⴱⴻⴷ SyRI ⵏ Nederland, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴻⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⴻⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ (Rechtbank Den Haag, 2020). ⵍⴰⵎⴻⵔ ⵏ 621 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ Rrus, ⴰⵣⴳⴻⵏ ⵏ 11 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025, ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴻⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴻⵥⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⴻⵡⵡⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵉⵃⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ (Order No. 621, §2). ⵙⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ vibe justice ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⴰⵡⴹⴻⵖ ⴳ Vibe Justice: ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴻⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷ.

ⴰⵙⴻⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⴻⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⴷⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵢⴰⴼ: ⵉⴼⵓⵢⵍⴰ, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⴽⵜⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵓⵍⴻⵏ. ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵉⵍⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⴷ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵉⵍⵙⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵔⵣⵣⵓⵏ, ⵎⵍⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵃⵟⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⵙⵙⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⴷ ⵃⴻⵕⵕⴻⵏ ⴰⵖⴻⵔⵔⴻⵊ. ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵉⵙⵙⵓ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⴽⴻⵛⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵣ, ⵥⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵙ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵃⴻⵕⵕⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⴱⴹⴻⵏ. ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ, ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵚⴰⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴻⴱⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ, ⵜⵜⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵥⵥⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵎⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ «ⴰⵃⴻⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ» ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⴰⵎⵚⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⵛⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⴽⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ. ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ ⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵃⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⵜⴻⵍ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⴻⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ: ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ; ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴻⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ; ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⴼ; ⴰⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ. ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵎⴻⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ Executable Traces ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴻⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵛⵓ ⵉⴹⴻⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ. ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⵜⵖⵓⵙⵜⴻⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵔⵡⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ Post-Simulacrum Self-Service Without Contact ⴷ Inferentia & Probabilisticum, ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴷⵙ.

ⴳ ⵓⵊⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵓⵏⴳⵍⴰⵊ ⵄⴰⴷⴷⴻⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ: ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⴰⵡⵉⴷⵢⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵊⵊⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ (Recommendations on Collective Practices). ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼ ⵉⵄⴻⵣⵍⴻⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⴳⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ IJA ⵏ 2025, ⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵉⵃⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⴷⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵡⵉⴷⵢⵓ; ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵙⵏⵉⵊⵉⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ (IJA Festival, 2025; IJA Video Policy, 2025). ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵓⵏⴳⵍⴰⵊ ⵏ 2025 ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵉⵃⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵉⴽⵉ (EJC 2025, §§6.14, 10.2).

ⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⴻⵎ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵎⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵃⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⴷ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵅⴻⵍⵍⴻⵚ ⵛⵡⵉⵟ ⵛⵡⵉⵟ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⵓⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖ; ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⴻⵍ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ. Édouard Glissant ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰⵀ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ Relation ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰⵀ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ (Glissant, 1997). Bogna Konior ⵜⴻⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰⵀ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵥⴻⵟⵟⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵓⵍⴻⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⴻⴷ (Konior, 2026). ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴰⵛⵓ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵖⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ.

ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵉⵛⵛⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵖⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵔⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴻⵇ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. Vibe Justice ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵙⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ. ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴻⵍ ⵉⵛⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵍⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼⴻⵏ.

ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ: ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵉⵍⵙⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⵛⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵢⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ, ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵙⴻⴳ ⴰⵏⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. Apple Handoff ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜⵜ ⵙ Bluetooth ⴷ Wi-Fi ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵇⴻⵕⴱⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ (Apple Platform Security). ⵖⴻⴼ iPhone ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ, ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ Find My ⵉⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ Wi-Fi ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⴻⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵏⵙⴰ (iPhone User Guide).

ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙⴻⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴻⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴻⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⵙⴳⵓⵏⴼⵓ; ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ, ⵜⴻⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴱⴻⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵢⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ.

ⴰⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰⵀ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴻⵇ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ. ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵙⵖⴻⵙⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ (Wachter and Mittelstadt, 2019). ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵔ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵖⴻⵙ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴻⵙⵜ: ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⴻⵇ.

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ 22 ⵉⵃⴽⴻⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Art. 22), ⴷ ⵜⴻⴷⴱⴻⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵣⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖⴻⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ; ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⵃⴻⵜ ⴰⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰ (Article 29 Working Party, 2018).

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 02

ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉ «ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ»

ⴹⴼⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ, ⵜⴼⴻⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴻⴹ ⵃⴻⵕⵕⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴻⴷⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴻⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵎⴻⴼⴽⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ; ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ, ⴰⵖⴻⵔⴱⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⴻⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⴰⵙⵉⴽⴻⵍ, ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵛⵡⵉⵟ ⵛⵡⵉⵟ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵜⴻⵊⵊ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ. ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ 7(1) ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴻⵃⴽⴻⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴽ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Art. 7). ⴰⵎⴻⵃⴽⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵎⴻⵍⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ Freedom, Consumerism, and the Price of Traces ⵊⵊⵉⵖ ⵜⴻⵍⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⴰⵡⵉⵖ ⴷⴻⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ; ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵉⵃⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ.

ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴻⵎⵣ. Danmark ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ Digital Post ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2014 ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴻⴳ (Danish Agency for Digital Government). ⴰⵀⵉⵍ Digital First ⵏ Finland ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴻⵡⵡⴻⵔ ⵏ 2026 ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵊⵊⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴻⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵅ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵓⵖⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ (Finnish Ministry of Finance; Digital and Population Data Services Agency). ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ 5ⴰ(15) ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⵔⵕⵓⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴷⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵉ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ-ⵏⴻⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ (European Union, 2024). ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵥⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴻⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴻⴷⴱⴻⵍⵜ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵖⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵣⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴻⴽ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⴻⵏⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ. ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ, ⴰⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵉⵡⵙⵉⵔⴻⵏ, ⴰⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴻⴼ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⴻⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵛⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵉⵎⴻⵙⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴼⴽⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ.

ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⴽⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⴹⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵇⵇⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵖⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴼⵔⴰ. ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ; ⴰⴱⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖⴻⵍ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵖⴻⴷⴷⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⵍⴻⵏ.

ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖⴰ, ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵡⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵏⴻⵔⵎⵉⵙⴻⵏ, ⵉⴹⵔⵉⵙⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵉⵍⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴻⵀⵎ; ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵅⴻⴷⴷⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵃⵡⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ. ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⵓⴳⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵡⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⴹ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴻⴼⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ.

ⴰⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ. ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵃⴻⵕⵕⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵊ, ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵎⴻⴷ, ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵄⵍⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵅⵙⵉ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴻⵡⵡⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴹⴻⵏ, ⵉⵎⴻⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵙ, ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵇⴻⴱⵍⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ. ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴳⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎ.

ⴳ ⵜⴻⵙⵔⴻⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴻⵍ, ⵜⵓⵛⵛⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ, ⵜⵓⴽⴽⴻⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⵉⵃⴻⴽⵎⴻⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵄⴻⴽⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ, ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ. ⴰⴳⵉ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴻⴽ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵄⵍⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⵜⵉⴽⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴻⵎⵎⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⴱⴻⵍ ⵍⴻⴱⵖⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵍⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⵔⴼ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⴻⵔⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴱⴹⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⴻⵏ, ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⴰⵏⴻⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵃⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ.

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 03

ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉ «ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ»

ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵎⴻⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ: ⵙⵎⵓⵖⴻⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵍⴰⵏ, ⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⵉⵛⴻⵏ, ⵙⵙⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎⴻⴽⵜⵉⵢⴻⵏ, ⵃⵟⴻⴹ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵙⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ.

ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴱⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ, ⴳⴻⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴳⵣⴰⵎⴻⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵓⴼⵖⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵖⵥⴻⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ. ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴻⵏ, ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ; ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴻⵡⵡⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵍⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵇⵙⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴻⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵏⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⴻⵏⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⴰⵙⵖⴻⵡⵡⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔⵜ. ⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴹⴼⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴻⵀⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵇ ⵉ ⵓⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵓⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ.

ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵣⴻⴳ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴻⵄⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵣⵣⵉ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ, ⵉⵙⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵕⴽⴷⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵃⴻⵜ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ.

ⴳ 2018 PEN America ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⵉⵥⴻⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴻⵖⵎⵉⵙⴻⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵏ Authors Guild, 84 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ; ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴻⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵕⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ 12.4 ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ (Authors Guild 2020). Guild ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ 2026 ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⴻⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ. ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵣⴻⴳ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴻⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵣⵣⵉ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ.

ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵕⴽⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ: ⴰⵙⴻⴳⵜⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵙⴻⵎ, RSS ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵙⴻⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ. ⵉⵇⴻⴷⴷⴰⵛⴻⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 04

ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵅⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉ «ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵅⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ»

ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵙⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ: ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ. ⴰⴷⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴻⵔ José van Dijck ⵙ ⵜⵎⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵀⴻⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ (van Dijck, 2014); ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵛⵓ ⵉⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ. ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵇⵇⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵟⵟⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴻⴽ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⵏⴰⴼ, ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵖⴻⵔⵔⴻⵊ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ; ⴰⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴻⵍ ⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ (James et al., 2023).

ⵇⵍⴻⴱ ⵜⴼⴻⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴻⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⴻⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵎⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵟⵛ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ. Luddism ⵏ ⵓⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴻⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵥⵔⵉ, ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ (Randall, 1995); Neo-Luddism ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ Chellis Glendinning ⵏ 1990 ⵙⵙⵉⵡⵥⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ (Glendinning, 1990). ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ (Marx, 1857–58; Marx, 1867). ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴽⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵛⵛⴻⴽ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵇⵇⵔⴻⵏ; Uri Gordon ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵉⵎⴻⵃⵔⴻⵛⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴰⵎⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵃⵟⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ (Gordon, 2009), ⴷ HCI ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴻⵀⵎⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴻⵎⵎⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵊⴻⵊ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ (Keyes et al., 2019). ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵥⵡⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ.

Dean Starkman ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ «ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ» ⴳ 2014 ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵇⵇⵉⵏⴻⵏ (Starkman, 2014). ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵥ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵔⴻⵊ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ Jonathan Bowen ⴷ Tula Giannini ⵙⴻⵎⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴻⴹ (Bowen and Giannini, 2014). ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵔⵟⴼⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵥⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵡⵡⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ; ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵛⵓ ⵉⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ. ⴰⵎⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰ ⴰⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⴳⵓⵏⴼⴰ. ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⵅⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵇⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵎⴷⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⵓⵟⵟⴼⴰ, ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴰⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⴻⵙ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵙⵖⴻⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵙⵙⴻⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ «ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ». ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⵍⴽⴻⴷ. ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⵜⵣⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⴻⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴻⵎⵔⴻⵙ «ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ».

ⴰⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰ: ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴻⴼⵔⴻⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴱⴻⵍⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⴹⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵃⴻⴱⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴽⴽⴰⵎⵜ. ⴰⵙⵖⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⴻⵔⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⵜⴻⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⴻⴽⵜⵉ; ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵏⴻⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ UN ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵜⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ, ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⴻⵔⴹⴰ, ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ (United Nations, 2019).

Deleuze ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵃⴻⴽⵎⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 1992, ⴷ Lessig ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴽⵏⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴻⵍ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⴳ 1999 (Deleuze, 1992; Lessig, 1999). ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴹⴻⵏ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⴰⵅⵍⴰⵚ, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴻⴽⵉⵍⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴻⵏⴻⵏ (Cabinet Office, 2010; Zuboff, 2015). ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ AI ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⵙⵥⵡⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ (Lynch and Dekeyser 2026), ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⵃⵔⴻⵛⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ.

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 05

ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵟⵛ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉ «ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵟⵛ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ»

ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⵇⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵃⴻⴽⴽⴻⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴻⵙⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴻⵏⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵣⵎⴻⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵎⴷⴻⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ.

People with Spark ⵜⵙⴻⵙⵍⴻⴹ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ; ⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴻⵖ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴳⴳⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵛⵓ ⵙⵄⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ; ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ, ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴻⵔⴱⴻⵖ ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴻⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵇⵇⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ, ⵓⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵔⵟⴼⵓⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⴻⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵎ. ⴰⵃⴻⵔⵔⴻⴱⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⴽⵛⵓⵎ, ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴻⵔⵙ, ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴻⵎⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⴻⵏ, ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴻⵏ, ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ, ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵇⵙⵉⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴻⵣ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵎⴻⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵊⵊⴻ ⵜⴼⴻⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ-ⵏⴻⵃⵜⵜⴻⵊ. ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵟⵛ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴻⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵖⴻⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵎⵎⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵃⴻⵕⵕⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵜ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ, Continuity, ⵢⴻⴱⴹⴰ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵜⵙⴻⵎⵓⵏ: ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴻⴽⵍⴻⵙ, ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵢⴻⵟⵟⴻⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵏⵓⴹ 06

ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ

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ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵟ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵎⴻⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⴼⴻⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⴷⵉⵊⵉⵟⵉⵣⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵟⵛ, ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⴻⵏ